Media Begins Manhattan 'Plunge' Effect

Posted by Noah Rosenblatt on April 2, 2009 at 8.31 AM

A: And here we go. Lucky for UrbanDigs readers, you were prepared for this exact report way back in July of last year, when I said, "expect to see ugly year-over-year comparisons and average price drops starting in 2-3 quarters; I would say starting as early as 4Q 2008, but more likely around 1Q 2009!". Well 1Q 2009 reports are out today, and with that begins the media effect of a market that just fell off a cliff. The reality is, the market started experiencing a shift in buy side psychology (confidence) way back in late 2007, and low ball bids and cold feet in mid 2008. Of course, brokers would never talk about this but I'm sure they will join the party now to protect their credibility as 'market experts'.

Bloomberg reports, "Manhattan Co-Op Prices Fall Most Since 1995 as Demand Plummets":

Manhattan co-op prices dropped the most since 1995 and transactions for all apartments plummeted 48 percent in the first quarter from a year earlier as the recession and Wall Street unemployment cut demand.

The median price for co-operative apartments fell 22 percent to $587,500, according to a report today by New York appraiser Miller Samuel Inc. and broker Prudential Douglas Elliman Real Estate. The median for all apartments rose 3.1 percent to $975,000, led by sales of new luxury condominiums. The median price of condos, which account for about one- third of New York’s owner market, climbed 5.8 percent to $1.23 million, Miller Samuel said.

Any broker hanging on to the median rise of prices, fueled by closings of high end new developments signed into contracts way way closer to the peak of the market, simply doesn't get it. If you want to know how strong or weak a market is, take a look at sales volume, inventory trends, and where contracts are being signed. I can care less about what the market was like 12-18 months ago when deals were signed for pre-construction properties that are only closing today. We are at now now, and the past is meaningless. If Im going to consult for a buyer or seller, they need to know what is happening NOW! Denial doesn't help anyone.

As Jonathan Miller accurately states, "Sales activity is the barometer for the health of the market -- not price". So how is sales activity in this great city? Slow. As Miller continues to state: Transactions dropped to 1,195, the fewest since the fourth quarter of 1994, according to Miller Samuel. That's about 48% lower than the 1st Quarter of 2008.

Folks, when the bid disappears this is what happens. For years brokers, buyers and sellers were used to a market with very tight inventory, tons of buyer demand, bidding wars, easy financings and closings, and quick deals. But where most go wrong is understanding how this world has changed, from that previous world that powered our markets from say 2003-2007 or so. It's all about the buyers, always has been and always will be. The seller can set the price wherever they want, but the property is only worth what a buyer is both willing & able to pay for it at any given point in time. So to really understand the markets and where its trending, we must do our best to go into the minds of those that make this market work, the buyers!

Today starts the negative media effect that I discussed a while ago. In both boom markets and bear markets, the media plays a role by enhancing the effect of the trend in the mind of the buyer. In boom times, there were articles discussing all those ever-lasting forces that were working together to make Manhattan prices go up forever with no chance of stopping. That helped to increase confidence in those buying real estate here, and even worked to bring in foreign demand and speculators to buy buy buy with no chance of a reversal in the trend. The result was tight inventory, high sales volume, bidding wars, and rising prices with each new sale. When the music stopped, the buyers went away and trend reversed. Now the headlines are working to further dampen confidence, and no doubt we will hear from sellers & brokers that the mass media is causing this downturn to go where it otherwise shouldn't. So, we will hear stories of how its a great time to buy, which happens to be the same sales pitch doled out when the market was at its peak. Ain't that something? I mean, is it ever not a good time to buy in the eyes of a broker or a brokerage firm executive?

The market will do what the market wants to do, and in the end you must understand that we overshot to the upside as a result of a parabolic credit boom that has now gone bust. Its very possible this market overshoots to the downside as well. Savvy buyers will be called 'vultures' and 'bottom fishers' for expecting a deal, and many will fail to see that this is simply a market where buyer and seller are simply not on the same page. Its tough on everyone involved in the transaction - the buyer that wants the deal, the seller that wants their price, and the broker that wants their commission.

Deals ARE happening and will continue to happen at every price as the adjustment plays out. Right now I would generalize that this market is trading around:

HIGH END ($5M+) - down aprox 25% - 40% from peak
HIGH/MIDDLE ($2M - $5M) - down aprox 25% - 30% from peak
MID END ($1M - $2M) - down aprox 20% to 30% from peak
LOWER END (Under $1M) - down aprox 15% - 25% from peak

This is where I see trades occurring today but unfortunately Manhattan properties vary so greatly in regards to the following features:

- Views / Exposures
- Natural Sunlight
- Monthly Carry Charges
- Layout
- Building Amenities
- Building Policies
- Raw Space
- Location
- Renovations

etc., that it is virtually impossible to apply a single number to any single property and say that the apartment should trade there. That is the art of the buy side consulting process, taking into account where this market is right now and where this market might be trending.

If this is the active season in Manhattan and the sales volume is down 48% from this period last year, what do we expect to happen as we enter the slower months? Where will the bid be if you don't sell after May? What forces may affect buy side confidence as our local economy deals with the side effects of this crisis. What will happen with city tax collections from a very slow residential sales market? How will the income/bonus tax thing play out? How will an equity rally or re-test of the lows affect confidence/bids? How will condo auctions fare and how will buyers react to the fact that auctions are taking place in our backyard? How deep will job losses ultimately go as the wall street dismantling spreads to other local retail businesses? These are the questions we must focus on if we are to continue keeping it real!

All I know is that the process is taking place at great speeds, and I would not be surprised to see the bulk of the adjustment complete by this time next year. After that, a muddled L shaped market is highly likely for years as we as a nation deal with the unintended consequences of policy actions and over-regulation taken to both stem this crisis and ensure that it never happens again. I'm way less bearish today than I was 12 months ago now that the process has started and equities have adjusted. Manhattan prices will rise again but only after this correction plays its course, household balance sheets are repaired, excess is removed, and job security is no longer a concern. The future world may be a less sexy one, but that is to be expected after what we just went through.

Comments (37)

Noah, thank you for your continued thoughtful coverage of the Manhattan market. We've been reading your blog since its inception, and really appreciate your insight. You called this! When it's time for us to buy, we'll be calling YOU.

Posted by Otto | April 2, 2009 9:26 AM

Noah, I completely agree with you and you are spot on. I would also like to point out the the Case/Schiller monthly index from Tuesday were pretty bad. NY Metro area is still at an elevated level of 180ish. If it was to trend to the all time avg of 116-120, which includes the run up for the last decade, then we still have a long way to go. Even a fall to an index level of 135 would mean considerable downward pressure for the region.

Posted by Brian | April 2, 2009 9:44 AM

Thanks Otto! I'll be here when your ready.

Posted by Noah | April 2, 2009 9:46 AM

Noah I saw your blurb on streeteasy about not doing deals because of your honesty and willingness to discuss reality openly on this blog. I beg you to not change! This site is the only breathe of fresh air out there in all the web covering manhattan real estate

Business will come if you maintain your high level of service. I am with Otto and will call you when the dust clears and there is more clarity for my big investment.

cheers!!

Posted by paul.b | April 2, 2009 10:21 AM

I read your Blog religiously. Thank you for putting together a Blog that does not insult the intelligence of it's readers. Davide.

Posted by Davide-NYC | April 2, 2009 11:16 AM

Noah, you are the only realistic sell side person I have encountered! Please keep up the good work.

Your article is on pt. Today's AM newspaper features a disgusting piece advertising my old neighborhood as the "2 bridges" aka Chinatown near the East River.

Are brokers that desperate to put a spin on gentrification that they are advertising a crowded , dirty area as "hip" and "happening"? "2 Bridges"? Where do they come up w/these names?

When I grew up it was known as just plain old Chinatown.

Posted by In Debt We Trust | April 2, 2009 11:50 AM

Davide / IN DEBT WE TRUST - Thanks guys! It really makes it worthwhile to hear that, considering the side effect of telling it like it is in this type of industry. And for having a trader viewpoint on residential real estate, that many people don't like or choose not to view it at such an angle.

Thanks again!!

Posted by Noah | April 2, 2009 11:58 AM

Noah, I'm licensed but don't deal RE in the city anymore. But I did and also have bought in Manhattan and do know the market very well. You are the best blog for honesty and insight. And you had the guts for telling people what was coming long before anyone else did. Thank you.

And how is it that people like Dottie Herman, Dolly Lenz, Pam Liebman and other's of their ilk who are supposed to be the sharpest and savviest minds in the business couldn't see any of this coming. Amazing that they still have any credibility at all and that the media still seeks them out for their largely worthless opinions.

Posted by Aquarian | April 2, 2009 12:34 PM

Thanks Aquarian! Such kinds words and again, makes this all worthwhile for me.

I think brokers hate me, I really do, especially ones that blame me because they lost a deal after a buyer read one of my discussions. Yes, its happened.

I really dont get why the executives of these firms dont tell it like it is, but then again, they are a sales driven business so why would they?

I recall my panel discussions, BULL vs BEAR with Dottie 3 times over past few years. But last July she did whisper in my ear that '...I may be right'!

Posted by Noah | April 2, 2009 12:59 PM

Noah,

Instead of my usual complaints about the analytic skills of your contributors, I have opted for a more positive approach and offer an example of thoughtful analysis. You and your readers should get your hands the the Deutsche Bank piece published over last weekend written by Karen Weaver, titled "Update: The outlook for US Home Prices. Beyond the Bubble". She employs an interesting and internally consistent valuation/forecasting paradigm. While I have still have some issues with her cohorting and potential for positive correlation of her dependent variables going forward, it exemplifies a solid academic approach as opposed to the "licking of one's finger an holding it up in the air to determine wind direction" that some of your contributors have done. Recently. I promised to be nice so no finger pointing today. No more puns either.

Posted by Anonymous | April 2, 2009 1:11 PM

Noah,

Great post as usual. In response to some other posts about the prescience of other brokers, most don't have the skill set that Noah does to accurately interpret macro-economic data points and trends. As such, they are operating on stale data and correctly refrain from extrapolating against their own anecdotal experience. To put it concisely, their crystal balls are not as clear as Noah's.

To be fair, very few expected a decline as rapid as we are seeing. To quote Miller, we didn't see a slope down, more of a step down. I predicted an overall drop for the co-op market of 25% from peak based on my own ovservation and research. I think at this point I will be off by about 10% on an average ppsf basis, peak to trough.

Keep up the good work, Noah.

Posted by Anonymous | April 2, 2009 2:06 PM

2:06 post is mine - don't know why my name didn't come through.

OT

Posted by OT | April 2, 2009 2:07 PM

Anon - very nice of you to say but I do know many very savvy brokers out there that did get the severity of this downturn from a generally early point. Not many of course though as this crisis was very complex and we did get fed false hop by many banks that were fighting for their survival before they died out or were forcibly merged.

It just so happens that my first obsessions is the markets (equities, bonds, debt markets, commodities, etc.) which I have been trading and following for a looooooong time. So, when credit markets froze up, I knew how that would affect the banks holding the assets that couldnt be sold, and the general path that would lead us on. of course, im not perfect, nobody is, and I made mistakes over the course of this crisis (we all did), but in terms of real estate, it was the arguments that many brokers dished out that would hold up this market OR why Manhattan was so different or immune that I totally disagreed with.

Again, thanks. Lets continue to keep it real. One thing is for sure, Im not the best salesman and therefore from a brokerage firm standpoint, Im not the best real estate agent when it comes to production.

Posted by Anonymous | April 2, 2009 2:15 PM

Noah, You ever thought about creating an ultrashort Manhattan real estate ETF?

:)

Posted by In Debt We Trust | April 2, 2009 3:10 PM

Ha! I wish I could. I totally messed up the VNO trade.

Posted by Noah | April 2, 2009 3:17 PM

Noah,
I have been looking for a NYC apartment for an eternity (at least 5 years) and it seemed I always just short of the required down payment. I would earn and save, and the market would lurch ahead just out of reach - or at least it felt that way.
By 2005 I had given up all hope of buying and threw in the towel -- it was just too depressing to even look. The prices were insane.
The city I had moved to when I graduated, had become a city only for the wealthy (or at least only the wealthy if they wanted to own an apartment).
When the markets fell apart last Fall and I started reading economic blogs (as the MSM was so behind the curve one couldn't read them for any reliable information) I found your blog.
It was your blog which finally offered the hope that one day those of us who did not work on Wall Street, might eventually own an apartment!
Noah, keep up your good and honest work. I cannot tell you how many agents (including personal friends) have told me that I should buy right now!!!
I'm hoping that the under $1M apartments will eventually experience the kind of percentage deductions you mention that the over $5m apartments are experiencing now.
If and when they do, I intend to call you and hope that by then you will still have time to work with a former lurker. Many thanks Noah, you have done us all a great service! Susan

Posted by susan | April 2, 2009 10:48 PM

I read the Journal article reporting the data today and it was interesting the silver lining that's being put on this. "Prices are down, foot traffic is up, we're coming out of it."

And here I am DROOLING over rents available on Craiglist. My building is now offering a 2BR for 20% less than my 1-BR cost to renew last June. Insane.

The lower rents go, the less attractive buying is!

Boy I love asset deflation!

Posted by RolfeWinkler | April 2, 2009 11:03 PM

i always enjoy your posts but you often start them by telling us some variant of "i told you so". you don't need to do it as often as you do. just a thought

Posted by jason | April 2, 2009 11:41 PM

Noah - Appreciate your conservative view for the past few years. However, I disagree that there is not a "bid" in the market. There is a clear bid in the market that is being rebuffed by everyone but the desperate seller. Until sellers become motivated/distressed en masse, the Las Vegas-style bids won't be accepted. I'm waiting to see if Manhattan sellers capitulate; the Q1 data shows that they haven't come close. There will be a minority that give in, but that will most likely be on low volume at least in the near future, and I know that you as a former trader understand the risk of relying on low volume as an indicator of direction. I am a 30-year old former banker with a number of friends with similar backgrounds, and I can speak generally that we have quite substantial reserves that don't make a forced sale a near-term consideration. Bottom line is, no one knows where this market is going. But I'd be more likely to capitulate on my second home in Scottsdale than I am on my primary residence in Manhattan.

Posted by jb | April 3, 2009 12:50 AM

Noah: Here's one real time piece of evidence supporting your point.

A couple in our UES building were trying to negotiate lease renewal for a nice luxury 2BR apt. The mgt wanted to RAISE their rent to $6600/mo. They refused and searched Craigslist for an alternative 3 weeks ago. They were more concerned with finding value and were willing to pay more if they discovered it.

They found a 3 BR + Alcove unit (huge, prob >2000 sq ft and costing >$3m) for rent 1/2 a block a way in a PROMINENT (blogged about a lot on Streeteasy) New Construction building for $8k/mo. They took it.

The owner of the New Construction 3 BR unit could not move in and was FORCED to rent it out, because they cant sell their current NYC condo in this market.

Any way you slice it, this is an amazing story. Imagine how desperate you must be, when you rent out your brand new 3 BR New Construction condo for an amazingly low price because you cant sell your existing condo. Either the market is totally frozen or you'd have to lower your asking price so much that it would put you in a distressed position vis a vis the new mortgage.

Our building dropped their 2 BR asking price to $6200, but it was too late since our friends had made their decision and will move in a month.

Also illustrates the tight linkage between the rental and owner markets. If one falls, so does the other.

Posted by Anonymous | April 3, 2009 1:11 AM

Always a fun, informative read! I stopped selling properties over a year ago. I have a less glamorous past than Noah, so got back into the rental trenches to pay the bills.

I didn't have the macro insight, hard data to drive me into my cave, just anecdotal evidence. The sort of sad part is most of the brokers I knew really believed the BS they were telling their clients!? I know a few who put their "money where their mouth" is, consequently they have been buried!

As Noah knows I have been trying to roll out some fresh ideas. For that I get a few choice hate e mails a week from brokers.

Although the rental market has taken a good hit, many owners of these properties are as delusional as most/some sellers. I looked at a place today on Washington street (West Village). A run down, dated floor in a sort of "brownstone", real piece of crap. Maybe it's 900 square feet, 1 bedroom, I suggested $3000 to $3500. He almost fell over, told me I was in la-la land, lol. He wants $5950! He was quoting the recent rental reports from a couple of the big firms. He must of had his rose colored glasses on?

Funny thing is now he says brokers are talking the market down....and he claims it just ain't true.

Posted by Keith Burkhardt | April 3, 2009 1:13 AM

Jason - never mean to have that tone (all I said is that UD readers were 'prepared for this report' because of a previous discussion on it), but as a blogger, I have to refer to past posts when it comes to stuff like this because there are new readers to sites like mine PLUS brokers and others have been fighting me on this throughout this entire crisis, especially when I come out very early and explain why data like the one released today will come out Q12009, and not 3-4 quarters ago when the process started to occur.

When I wrote that low ball bids piece, i got so much sh*t from people in my industry privately that I am talking out of my a** and have nothing to back it up. I tried to explain why I have nothing to back it up and when it was likely to come out, now they know.

But blogging has a component to it that refers to previous posts, especially if a call turned out to be right. I should be able to refer to it, and people come here for that type of ahead of the curve insight, that no broker will want to discuss for fear of losing a deal.

I'll try to keep the tone lighter though in future, thanks!

Posted by Noah | April 3, 2009 7:39 AM

Susan - Your VERY welcome and thank you for your kind words. I'll keep it up and Ill be here when you are ready. That is why I refer to older posts, because every broker was dissing me when I started covering this crisis, and stated to their clients MANHATTAN IS IMMUNE, BUY NOW OR MISS IT, BUY NOW OR BE PRICED OUT FOREVER, MANHATTAN DOESNT HAVE SUBPRIME, MANHATTAN IS AN ISLAND, THE WEAK DOLLAR, THE FOREIGNERS, etc..

Unfortunately, many buyers were duped using these arguments. There should be way more of a consulting capacity to representing buy side clients. I truly feel that way.

I had a buyer, not my client, who signed a contract at a pricey new dev about 16 months ago and was about to close. It was a 1900 sft 3BR for 3M, with 20% down. He wanted to walk away because it would cost about 150K to close and he was in finance and strongly felt he could lose his job. His broker tried to convince him to go through with it, and RELIST the property with them for 3.4M and that they could easily get 3.2M at the very least for him. So he called me because he didnt believe it. This was 7 weeks ago. Now, who do you think the broker that originally represented this guy, was trying to benefit by that advice?

Now the guy was considering walking away from deposit. Thats just one story.

Noah

Posted by Noah | April 3, 2009 8:37 AM

Noah,

You know I am a huge fan and agree with your long-term view of the market, but suffer me some contrarian viewpoint here. I had argued several posts ago that the average ppsf data was probably going to show a much less spectacular decline in Q1 than many had come to expect. This is clearly borne out by the data, which shows a year-on-year decrease of 2.3% and a quarterly increase of 6.4%.

Another interesting data point is the 21% plunge in median sales price for resales - I think it pointless to study this number without the supporting data point of the median size of properties that sold. We all know the market is essentially frozen for 3-bed and up properties, so if the median price fell 21% and the median size fell 25%, then prices on a square foot basis could still be up.

Before everyone lays into me with the "head in the sand" banter, I will say that the trends, based on rising inventory, days on market, listing discount, etc. point to continued gloom. My only point is, the data simply does not support the "market is down 25%" chatter. I don't care what happened with your neighbor, or your client, or your cousin, the data on a macro level doesn't support it. Average ppsf is down nominally (statistically insignificant, I checked), and many of these closings are for post-Lehman contract signings.

Something is happening out there that is causing the average ppsf to stay above $1250, and don't give me the high end condo spiel - that is a handful of units.

Posted by OT | April 3, 2009 11:27 AM

Hey Noah,

I don't completely agree with OT's last comment at 11:27AM but I do agree that "something is happening out there that is causing the average ppsf to stay above $1250." I don't know what it is but my anecdotal eveidence from my own business as well as many of my collegaues is that prices are down 20-40% with some bids coming in as much as 50% below ask at times. I think the 1Q numbers are rosier than what is actually happening. just sayin'

Posted by Douglas Heddings | April 3, 2009 12:47 PM

Yea Im not sure what it might be other than lagging new dev closings at very PPSF, but in my business, bids are coming in as if market is generally down 25-35% from peak, but I must say that the sellers on the other end are not ready to accept that their place has gone down by that much. Its very tough making minds meet in this market.

Buyers want a deal, and sellers want their price. Unfortunately, the sellers are not my clients so outside of what I send to the seller broker, it is up to them to get through to their client that this bid is a good one. But if they think its not, so be it. I cant force any seller to accept a bit.

Posted by Noah | April 3, 2009 1:23 PM

Noah, I just want to second the concensus here. I have been reading your blog for over a year now. My husband and I are on the sidelines and would like to buy in 2010 or 2011. You would be our first choice for a broker, if you are available when we are ready.

Posted by Anon | April 3, 2009 2:00 PM

Noah, I just want to second the concensus here. I have been reading your blog for over a year now. My husband and I are on the sidelines and would like to buy in 2010 or 2011. You would be our first choice for a broker, if you are available when we are ready.

Posted by Anon | April 3, 2009 2:00 PM

Noah,

You got me too as my buyer's broker. It is worth your fee just to get an honest third party appraisal of the situation. I will be contacting you soon.

The Bear

Posted by Bear | April 3, 2009 10:43 PM

wow your answer was just so excellent. i understand better now why you do that. your tone is so classy even when defending yourself. keep it up!

Posted by jason | April 4, 2009 12:53 AM

very funny Jason, when you have a blog you can be sure to never refer to previous posts and maintain your class - stay classy sand diego.

Posted by Noah | April 4, 2009 6:52 AM

i meant that as a compliment. seriously. maybe i shouldn't have put the wow. that was overdoing it i suppose.

Posted by jason | April 5, 2009 1:17 AM

i just like that your never mean and you don't really fight with people. it's refreshing.

Posted by jason | April 5, 2009 1:19 AM

oh sorry, I seriously thought you were being sarcastic. sorry!

Posted by Noah | April 5, 2009 8:12 AM

OT:
Don't mean to pile on you, but I went back and looked at your comments following Christine Toes' "The Sky Is Not Falling" piece and you predicted "I think a 10-15% correction [in coop prices]is probably more likely." You also predicted "I think over the next 3 years, prices will remain flat to up 5% and we will see positive gains beginning in 2012."

Not sure when you predicted a 25% decline, but it must have been after the Toes article.

Again, I don't want to give the impression that I'm piling on you. As you point out, very few people predicted that the decline would be this rapid (little pat on the back for myself, I got it right, see my post on the same Toes' thread I quoted you from), although many of us got the magnitude right. But I would argue that perhaps you are suffering from the same incrementalism that Noah has repeatedly stated he is seeing from real estate professionals who are in denial on where the market is heading. We are now clearly in the midst of a full-blown real estate price deflation process in Manhattan, in both the sales and rental markets. At $1,250 psf, the cost to own is roughly 2x the price to rent. This differential is unsustainable, and will result in prices dropping by approximately 50% per square foot. And all the other traditional relationships (price-to-income, price-to-inflation) point to the same level of decline.

This Sunday's NYT real estate section quoted a real estate broker (the appropriately named Ms. Sunshine) whose advice to owners in quality buildings is to "raise their prices and have patience." This kind of advice is the exact opposite of Noah's; it's not based on any analysis of the macroeconomic forces at work, but rather constitutes a Hail Mary pass without any fundamental supporting reasoning. I think your analysis on the potential decline in ppsf above has a little Hail Mary about it as well, as you don't offer any supporting reason for why $1,250 ppsf (or thereabouts) is a fundamentally sustainable level.

I do appreciate your willingness to maintain your position on this blog, when the consensus seems to be bearish. Regards.

Posted by SRealist | April 6, 2009 11:37 AM

Keep in mind that there seems to be a lot of price per square foot variation, even in Manhattan's full service buildings.

You guys are talking about $1250+/ppsf, but there are full service buildings in midtown east at about $650/square foot, and in midtown west between $600-800, unless I'm mistaken? I've seen some nice 1-bedrooms listed at about $650k-750 in the Sutton area, for example.

My reading indicates that rents are only down about 10%. I wonder why they haven't decreased further, in line with the sales price declines of 20%-30% that Noah's observing? Any thoughts on this?

Keep up the great work on the blog!

Posted by Thisson | April 6, 2009 2:41 PM

SReal - you are correct, I did opine as such in the Toes article. This was revised downward subsequently. Heck, what do you I know - I just go on gut and some rudimentary data analysis. I think there will always be a premium to owning in the city, so I don't agree that the rent/buy ratios will drive prices down as aggressively as you state. And I do appreciate all opinions (except TT) on this board, so just throwing in my 2 cents. I don't have an agenda one way or the other, just have a genuine interest in NYC real estate. And you are not piling on at all, just correctly referencing an earlier post that contradicts more recent ones.

Posted by OT | April 7, 2009 6:10 PM

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